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Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences (IJPAB)
Year : 2019, Volume : 7, Issue : 6
First page : (19) Last page : (28)
Article doi: : http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.7892

An Insight Review on Antibiotic Resistance and Its Challenges

Haben Fesseha^1*, Rigat Kahsay² and Friat Kidanemariam^2
1School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
²College of Veterinary Science, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
*Corresponding Author E-mail: tseyon.h@gmail.com
Received: 3.11.2019  |  Revised: 5.12.2019   |  Accepted: 9.12.2019  

 ABSTRACT

Antibiotics are antimicrobial substances that target bacterial infections. Currently, antimicrobial resistance to antibiotic agents is a major problem and a great challenge. It develops when the resistance of bacteria to an antimicrobial drug that was originally effective for the treatment. Diagnostic uncertainty, extensive and irrational antibiotic use in humans, animals, and agriculture and lack of awareness are among the factors which aggravate antibiotic resistance. Bacteria can acquire resistance through mutation or through horizontal transfer of genetic information and have developed sophisticated mechanisms of drug resistance to avoid killing by antimicrobial molecules. Those mechanisms are; modifications of the antibiotic molecule, chemical alterations of the antibiotic, destruction of the antibiotic molecule, decreased antibiotic penetration and efflux, changes in target sites, target protection, and global cell adaptations. Even though AMR is a global crisis, the threat posed by these resistant bacteria is exacerbated in developing countries due to sub-optimal hygiene conditions, poor infection prevention and control measures, lack of surveillance and the dearth antimicrobial stewardship programs. Awareness creation on rational use of drugs and understanding of antimicrobial resistance for the community, the implementation of recommended steps, disease prevention (vaccination), new policies to manage the crisis and renewed research efforts to find novel agents and approaches to treating bacterial infections could dramatically reduce these risks. Henceforward, this review article aims at giving insight into antibiotic resistance with special emphasis on its challenge.

Keywords: Antibiotics, Antibiotic Resistance, Bacteria, Challenges

Full Text : PDF; Journal doi : http://dx.doi.org/10.18782

Cite this article: Fesseha, H., Kahsay, R., & Friat Kidanemariam, F. (2019). An Insight Review on Antibiotic Resistance and Its Challenges, Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. 7(6), 19-28. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.7892