INDIAN JOURNAL OF PURE & APPLIED BIOSCIENCES

ISSN (E) : 2582 – 2845

  • No. 772, Basant Vihar, Kota

    Rajasthan-324009 India

  • Call Us On

    +91 9784677044

Archives

Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences (IJPAB)
Year : 2020, Volume : 8, Issue : 3
First page : (567) Last page : (573)
Article doi: : http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8184

The Analysis of Feeding Cost at (Dairy farm) Gowshala Banaras Hindu University

Bhimraj Jakhar1, Dheeraj Kumar1* , R.K. Pandey1, Shilpa Kumari3, Vijay Laxmi Yadav2 and Vishal Kumar1
1Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Livestock Production & Management,
Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.)
2Ph.D Student, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapura (SKNAU, Jobner)
3Senior Research Fellow, DEE, Agriculture University, Jodhpur
*Corresponding Author E-mail: dheerumaal@gmail.com
Received: 15.05.2020  |  Revised: 19.06.2020   |  Accepted: 25.06.2020 

 ABSTRACT

The secondary data were collected from the year 2012 to 2017 in farm inventory of dairy farm Banaras Hindu University. The study revealed that the feeding cost is highest at the dairy farm it accounts more than 75% of total variable cost. Second highest cost at the dairy farm was labour cost and then the other cost. The highest feeding cost at the gowshala (dairy farm) in the year 2016 was 10429490 (Rs). And lowest in the year 2013 was 7479100.

Keyword: Dairy farm, Total variable cost, Labour cost, Feeding cost.

Full Text : PDF; Journal doi : http://dx.doi.org/10.18782

Cite this article: Jakhar, B., Kumar, D., Pandey, R.K., Kumari, S., Yadav, V.L., & Kumar, V. (2020).  The Analysis of Feeding Cost at (Dairy farm) Gowshala Banaras Hindu University, Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci. 8(3), 567-573. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8184

INTRODUCTION

A balanced ration is one which supplies all the nutrients necessary to nourish the animal properly during twenty-four hour period. It depends upon the kind of animal and the purpose for which animal is kept. With a balanced ration, an animal can get the best out of all the constituents present in their food. If the calves are not fed properly, they show deficiency symptoms such as retarded growth, poor production, delay maturity, and disturbance in reproduction efficiency. Thus a balanced ration is more purposeful and beneficial. Proper feeding is the basis of successful dairy operation since feed cost accounts for over half of the total cost of milk production i.e. over 60 percent. To attain optimum performance a balanced ration is essential. A shortage or imbalance in the supply of energy, protein, vitamins or minerals will subject to the cow to nutritional stress resulting in metabolic disorder or decrease in milk production. Nutrients requirement depends largely upon milk yield, composition and cow weight with milk production having greater influence in the high producing dairy cow.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Characteristics and Ownership of Concerned Dairy
The Dairy Farm, Institute of Agriculture Science, Banaras Hindu University, is a research and educational farms where various categories of animals are kept. The herd maintained in a line so that they provide a much relevant idea about the dairy farming to the student about feeding, breeding, and other managerial practices that how dairy units could run under the scientific condition to get maximum output.

Management Practice at the Concerned Unit

Considering the role of routine management practices in influencing production and thus accuracy of observations, it was considered worthwhile to state at least the salient management practices carried out daily at the dairy for the upkeep of animals and at the meteorological observatory for taking and recording of observations during the period covered under this study.

Routine management practice at Dairy farm

Feeding
All animals were maintained under identical conditions. Rations were given to the cows according to their body weight and milk production. While the roughages were given adlib, the concentrates were given in regulated doses according to a ration schedule. Concentrate mixture contains 16-18 percent DCP and 75-78 percent TDN and was either procured from compound feed manufacturing companies but during the period under reference they were prepared out of the ingredient procured on the open market. This mixture usually contained Linseed/ground nut/ rapeseed cake(s), ground barley, arhar or gram chuni and wheat or Rice bran mixed in the ratio of; oil cakes 40 percent chunies 25 percent, brans 25 percent and 10 percent molasses. Amongst dry roughages wheat bhusa constitutes the major share of fodder throughout the year. Green forage supplies are rather erratic. Only a limited quantity of any one of the other green forage, depending on its availability, is made available. This too varies from season to season. While during summers and the rainy season the management makes efforts to raise Napier grass. Jawar Chari, N.P. Chari, green maize and cowpea, during the winters berseem and oats predominate constituting the bulk of green forage. Besides, the animals are provided with liberal quantities of common salt and trace mineral mixtures as per recommendations. Most of the ration is provided to the animals through stall feeding. The animals however, one allowed grazing on scanty grass covers during monsoon and thereafter. The places of a called grazing are not any defined grazing grounds but mostly comprise campus playfields or roadsides where they hardly nibble vegetal cover except during the rainy season when the grass is more abundant and luxuriant. All efforts are being made by the management to provide the animals with balanced feeds. Non- abundance and non- sustained supply of greens is a big bottleneck. Adequate supply of fresh, cool drinking water is available to the animals ad libitum with access at all times throughout the year.

Purchase of concentrate feeds

The concentrate is either procured from the compound feed manufacturing companies or prepared locally after procuring needs full quantities of oil cakes linseed, Mustard, Groundnut and chuni (Arhar and gram chuni) and wheat bran etc.
Housing system followed
Housing system of dairy animals at the Banaras Hindu University is somewhat improved and scientifically planned. The sheds are covered by an asbestos sheet on both the sides with central rafts with half walls all round. At the dairy farm, Institute of Agriculture Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, however, scant facilities i.e. fans, cooler etc. do exist.

Labour Development Practices

The labour deployed at the Dairy Farm, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, is characterized as permanent and temporary. Women are given due employment as labourers on the farms occasionally mainly for grazing the animals. All efforts are made to realize the skill of laborers. Yet due to exigencies created at times interchanges of the labour force from one job to another become a necessity. Nevertheless, certain jobs viz.-milking, feeding etc. are allotted to persons fully conversant with the methods of feeding and milking. In most of the month, work allotment is done in the morning around 6.00 A.M. for the entire day. It may, however, modify as per needs arising out of the intricate situation.
During monsoon season it was noted that the average number of labourers developed increase. This is due to accomplish various additional works viz. green fodder harvesting, grazing, sowing and for exercising extra sanitary precaution etc. during the study it was observed that there is no specific type of training facilities given to the labour regarding the pattern and system of working. Most of the labourers are employed afresh and they learn by the dictates of senior labour through actual practices.

Maintenance of Various Records

All the cows and buffaloes at the dairy had their identification marks viz. the brand numbers of which were used for purpose of keeping records pertaining to these. Milk yield from each time first in the daily milk sheet and then entered in the milk record register against the bran number of cow/buffalo and total of the day’s milk yield from cows buffaloes were computed and entered from the aforesaid record. After milking and recording both during morning and evening the milk is supplied to campus customers; whereas can supply is made by milkers against coupon system at the BHU campus. It is obvious that the system of management followed at the dairy were standard based on scientific pattern.

Collection of Data

The data were collected are based on the authentic records maintained at the Gowshala, (Dairy Farm), Institute of Agriculture Science, Banaras Hindu University. The month- wise data were collected comprised of various parameters viz. monthly dairy herd statistics, quantity and quality of feeds and their cost, type of concentrate mixture including their brand name with cost, labour development practices and their remuneration, milk performance and the total milk production during investigation some information were also recorded with regards to the management practice followed at the dairy equipments, rearing and calves, grazing and paddock facilities method of breeding. The data were collected by manual by a direct visit to the farm.
Analysis of data
The data were analyzed using the statistical methods and mathematical operation.

Table: Composition of feed ingredients

Sr.
No.

Name of Ingredient

Dry Matter (Percent)

Digestible Crude Protein (Percent)

Total Digestible Nutrients (Percent)

1

Masoor chuni

90

4.00

44.00

2

Chokar

90

9.00

65.00

3

Jowar

90

6.50

68.00

4

Maize

90

6.00

85.00

5

Barley

90

7.00

74.00

6

Mustard cake

90

26.00

80.00

7

Bajra

90

4.50

70.00

8

Cottonseed cake

90

18.00

72.00

9

Linseed cake

90

30.50

80.00

10

Rice bran (kanna)

90

7.00

65.00

11

Rice straw

90

0.09

45.00

12

Groundnut cake

90

42.00

80.00

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The analysis of feeds and feeding at Gowshala, (Dairy farm)
Feeding Cost Analysis
The feeding cost of the Dairy farm was highest among all another cost second highest was labor cost and then the electricity and veterinary charges. The feeding cost was highest in the year 2016 and lowest in the year 2013. Variable costs are costs that occur when production is made and they increase or decrease depending upon the production volume. Fixed costs are costs that do not change with respect to the production volume or costs that occur whether production is made or not (Inan, 1998). It is clear from table 9 in the total variable costs the highest percentage of variable costs is accounted by feeding cots that is the (85%) of total cost in the year 2012 and lowest in the year 2017 was (63.64%). In other studies conducted in region of Turkey the proportion of feed cost in total variable cost was 79.76% in Tekirdag (Inan, 1989), 86.60% in Kayseri (Sahin, 2001) and 85.60% in Adana (Gul, 1998). Akturk et al.,(2010), and Tatlidil (2002) reported that the highest proportion among the variable costs belongs to the feed (71.34%). Since feed costs accounts for the highest proportion of variable costs, a way of decreasing feed costs. Good quality and cheap roughage and adequate ration should be incorporated into cattle feeding. A study conducted in Switzerland that the Feeding of roughage to cows was more advantageous in terms of feed costs (Hilfiker, 1996). That the labor efficiency is highest in the year 2012 and lower in the year 2017 at the dairy farm of Institute of Agriculture Science, Banaras Hindu University.
Table 1: shows the feeding cost in the 2012. The total feeding costs was 7653737.5 in which highest feeding cost in the month of March was 760142.5 and lowest in the month of August is 483002.5. Table 2: shows the feeding cost in the year 2013.  The total feeding cost was 7479100 in which highest in the month of April was 780900 and lowest in the month of October was 266885. Table 3: shows the feeding costs in the year 2014. The total feeding cost was 9226282 in which the highest feeding cost in the month of January was 898200 and lowest in the month of February was 437999. Table 4: shows the feeding cost in the year 2015. The total feeding cost was 8610678 in which highest in the month of July was 885680 and lowest in the month of March was 535490. Table 5: shows the feeding cost in the year 2016. The total feeding cost was 10429490 in which highest in the month of March was 1193915 and lowest in the month of December was 706105. Table 6: shows the feeding cost in the year 2017. The total feeding cost was 8732610 in which highest in the month of November was 1118250 and lowest in the month of May was 413000.

Table 1: Feed ingredients and feeding cost of farm animal during 2012

 

Ingredients

 

January

 

February

 

March

 

April

 

May

 

June

 

July

 

August

 

September

 

October

 

November

 

December

Total quantity
(Qt)

 

Rate (Rs/Qt)

 

Total cost Rs.

Masoor chuni (Qt)

 

65

55.5

55.8

 

30

 

30.4

 

48

 

49

 

46

 

40

 

42

 

40

 

41

 

542.7

 

1250

 

678375

Chokar (Qt)

139

56

36.5

42

55

54

62

62

77

86

84

63

816.5

1200

979800

Maize(Qt)

93

77

93

75

77

67

76

41

35

54

67.5

70

825.5

1300

1073150

Barley(Qt)

55

56

69

72

74

45

46.5

14

40

0

0

0

471.5

1450

683675

Mustard
cake(Qt)

 

55

 

28

 

48

 

30

 

31

 

30

 

26

 

0

 

0

 

29

 

0

 

0

 

277

 

1500

 

415500

Bajra(Qt)

49

45

49

44

48

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

235

1500

352500

Wheat straw(Qt)

 

263

 

238

 

263

 

255

 

263

 

240

 

268

 

248

 

240

 

248

 

240

 

248

 

3014

 

410

 

1235740

Salt(Qt)

7.75

7

7.75

7.5

7.75

7.5

7.75

7.75

7.5

7.75

7.5

7.75

91.25

350

31937.5

Gud(Qt)

6

10

13

18

23

18

18

18

24

20

12

12

192

3000

576000

Rice Straw(Qt)

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

Arhar
chuni(Qt)

 

46.5

 

55

 

60

 

36

 

37.5

 

30

 

31

 

22.6

 

21

 

36

 

35

 

37

 

447.6

 

1350

 

604260

Cotton cake(Qt)

 

23

 

28

 

31

 

42

 

31

 

30

 

31

 

8

 

21

 

20

 

30

 

49

 

344

 

1600

 

550400

Linseed cake(Qt)

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

6

 

6

 

5.4

 

6

 

6

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

29.4

 

3000

 

88200

Khasari
chuni(Qt)

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

34

 

54

 

65

 

36

 

37

 

226

 

1700

 

384200

Total cost of feeds(Rs)

 

733242.5

 

676455

 

760142.5

 

695775

 

727667.5

 

581875

 

616917.5

 

483002.5

 

572675

 

624892.5

 

532025

 

549492.50

 

7512.45

 

 

7653737.5

Table 2: Feed ingredients and feeding cost of farm animal during 2013.

 

Ingredient

 

January

 

February

 

March

 

April

 

March

 

Jun

 

July

 

August

 

September

 

October

 

November

 

December

Total
quantity (Qt)

 

Rate Rs/Qt

 

Total cost

Masoor chuni(Qt)

 

40

 

28.6

 

36

 

39

 

43.5

 

34.6

 

62

 

62

 

60

 

36

 

43

 

111

 

595.7

 

1550

 

923335

Arhar
chuni(Qt)

 

37

 

35

 

51.5

 

45

 

46.5

 

33.6

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

248.6

 

1350

 

335610

Chokar(Qt)

0

82

100

105

116

120

103

99

96

0

0

0

821

1500

1231500

Maize(Qt)

69.5

59.5

108

105

66

25

42

93

90

33

161

217

1069

1450

1550050

Barley(Qt)

0

0

30

45

46.5

61

36

46

39

45

35

65

448.5

1300

583050

Gud(Qt)

12

15

10

15

15.5

9.5

0

0

0

0

0

0

77

3400

261800

Mustard cake (Qt)

 

18

 

26

 

21

 

30

 

31

 

92

 

124

 

124

 

103

 

0

 

44

 

62

 

675

 

1650

 

1113750

Wheat straw(Qt)

 

253

 

238

 

248

 

240

 

248

 

240

 

248

 

248

 

246

 

246

 

180

 

186

 

2821

 

410

 

1156610

Salt(Qt)

7.75

7

7.75

7.5

7.75

7.5

7.75

7.75

7.5

7.75

7.5

7.75

91.25

500

45625

Bajra Seed(Qt)

 

6.5

 

4.8

 

6.6

 

15

 

4

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

36.9

 

1300

 

47970

Jawar(Qt)

0

0

24

38

14

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

76

1350

102600

Linseed cake(Qt)

 

5.4

 

5.6

 

6.2

 

6

 

6.2

 

6

 

3.6

 

3.4

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

42.4

 

3000

 

127200

Total cost of
feeds(Rs)

 

415480

 

518875

 

704710

 

780900

 

712455

 

698790

 

679255

 

759605

 

692760

 

266885

 

495750

 

753635

 

7002.35

 

 

7479100

Table 3: Feed ingredients and feeding cost of farm animal during 2014

 

Ingredient

 

January

 

February

 

March

 

April

 

May

 

June

 

July

 

August

 

September

 

October

 

November

 

December

Total Quantity
(Qt)

Rate (Rs/Qt)

Total cost(Rs)

Masoor chuni(Qt)

 

60

 

34

 

72

 

72

 

56

 

32

 

28

 

29

 

57

 

60

 

75

 

64

 

639

 

1600

 

1022400

 

Maize(Qt)

 

78

 

25

 

83

 

99

 

102

 

110

 

117

 

117

 

114

 

123

 

142

 

151

 

1261

 

1550

 

1954550

Gud(Qt)

15

14

12

10

14

9.6

12.4

14

9.5

12.5

10

12.5

145.5

3500

509250

Mustard cake(Qt)

 

62

 

56

 

28

 

0

 

68

 

62

 

64

 

54

 

63

 

62

 

63

 

62

 

644

 

1950

 

1255800

Barley(Qt)

0

21

2.7

49

72

65

75

21

19

31

11

0

366.7

1500

550050

Bajra(Qt)

24

6

50

60

40

0

0

0

38

0

0

17

235

1400

329000

Chokar(Qt)

60

0

93

90

93

98

115

115

111

91

84

95

1045

1500

1567500

Wheat straw(Qt)

 

175

 

196

 

310

 

169

 

163

 

345

 

356

 

356.5

 

345

 

356.5

 

245

 

265

 

3282

 

550

 

1805100

 

Salt(Qt)

 

5.5

 

7

 

7.75

 

7

 

5

 

7.5

 

7.75

 

7.75

 

6.6

 

7

 

6.5

 

7

 

82.35

 

600

 

49410

Rice
straw(Qt)

 

0

 

99

 

210

 

140

 

73

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

522

 

351

 

183222

Total cost of feeds(Rs)

 

898200

 

437999

 

802860

 

742440

 

851073

 

814950

 

879800

 

786775

 

865910

 

834575

 

779100

 

817350

 

8222.55

 

 

9226282

Table 4: Feed ingredients and feeding cost of farm animal during 2015

 

Ingredients

 

January

 

February

 

March

 

April

 

May

 

June

 

July

 

August

 

September

 

October

 

November

 

December

Total quantity (Qt)

Rate Rs/Qt

Total Cost Rs

Masoor chuni(Qt)

31

28

40

19.8

68.2

66

68.2

19.8

0

0

0

15.6

356.6

1800

641880

Arhar chuni(Qt)

60

52

68

25

0

0

0

15.4

66

40.6

66

6

399

1650

658350

Barley(Qt)

0

0

0

0

0

66

80.6

50

90

93

57.9

5.78

443.28

1600

709248

Chokar(Qt)

80

72

80

78

74.4

72

74.4

89.5

60

62

47

94

883.3

1600

1413280

Maize(Qt)

139

126

140

135

139.5

76.5

72.7

78.88

69.6

71.92

71.9

67.5

1188.5

1650

1961025

Mustard cake(Qt)

62

0

0

16.9

50

75

68.2

6.8

0

0

0

62

340.9

2000

681800

Gud(Qt)

12.5

11.5

12.4

1.6

6.8

12

15.5

15.7

0

3

15

3

109

3550

386950

Salt(Qt)

7.75

6

7

4.4

7.4

7.2

7.4

7.5

7.75

6

9.25

8.5

86.15

700

60305

Wheat straw(Qt)

160

155

145

104

248

240

248

248

240

248

240

256

2532

600

1519200

Cotton cake(Qt)

0

0

0

0

0

0

17.7

26.3

25.5

24.4

35.6

46.5

176

2800

492800

Bajra(Qt)

19

17

19

4.2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

59.2

1450

85840

Total cost of feeds(Rs)

809500

621975

706670

535490

750095

807465

885680

711427

684565

665628

698780

733403

6573.93

 

8610678

  Table 5: Feed ingredients and feeding cost of farm animal during 2016

 

Ingredients

 

January

 

February

 

March

 

April

 

May

 

June

 

July

 

August

 

September

 

October

 

November

 

December

Total
Quantity (Qt)

 

Rate Rs/Qt

 

Total cost Rs

Masoor chuni(Qt)

 

80.6

 

71.3

 

37.5

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

17.5

 

75

 

30

 

75

 

2.5

 

389.4

 

1850

 

720390

 

Arhar chuni(Qt)

 

0

 

0

 

68.2

 

31.8

 

44

 

47

 

23

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

214

 

1700

 

363800

Barley(Qt)

0

0

78

22

0

0

0

21

90

89

20

55

375

1700

637500

Chokar(Qt)

84

87

93

90

93

90

93

93

90

93

90

93

1089

1650

1796850

Maize(Qt)

60

72.5

77.5

75

77.5

75

77.5

77.5

75

77.5

75

77.5

897.5

1600

1436000

Mustard cake(Qt)

 

62

 

58

 

18

 

0

 

42

 

60

 

62

 

36

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

338

 

2000

 

676000

Gud(Qt)

10.6

17.4

18.6

18

18.6

18

5.8

0

12

15.5

15

12.5

162

3700

599400

Salt(Qt)

9.3

11.6

12.4

12

12

12

12

12.4

12

12.4

12

12.4

142.5

700

99750

Wheat straw(Qt)

 

144

 

104

 

85.5

 

188

 

294

 

300

 

310

 

310

 

300

 

341

 

360

 

372

 

3108.5

 

600

 

1865100

Cotton Cake(Qt)

 

46.5

 

43.5

 

46.5

 

29.5

 

16.5

 

45

 

46.5

 

46.5

 

45

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

365.5

 

2800

 

1023400

Khesari chuni(Qt)

 

0

 

0

 

42

 

56

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

98

 

2500

 

245000

 

Rice straw(Qt)

 

0

 

30

 

18

 

180

 

104

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

332

 

400

 

132800

Bajra(Qt)

84

101.5

108.5

105

85

0

0

0

0

0

0

35

519

1500

778500

Jawar(Qt)

0

0

52

48

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

100

550

55000

Total cost of
feeds(Rs)

 

896040

 

928405

 

1193915

 

1026260

 

905170

 

849400

 

786610

 

742405

 

919050

 

755527

 

721150

 

706105

 

8130.4

 

 

10429490

Table 6: Feed ingredients and feeding cost of farm animal during 2017

 

Ingredient

 

January

 

February

 

March

 

April

 

May

 

June

 

July

 

August

 

September

 

October

 

November

 

December

Total quantity (Qt)

 

Rate Rs/Qt

 

Total cost Rs

Arhar chuni (Qt)

 

0

 

0

 

68.2

 

31.8

 

44

 

47

 

23

 

52.8

 

66

 

89

 

90

 

93

 

604.8

 

2200

 

1330560

Barley(Qt)

0

0

0

0

 

0

51

93

90

93

81

0

408

1750

714000

Chokar(Qt)

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

66

90

44

200

1800

360000

Maize(Qt)

46.5

43

77.5

61

0

0

37.5

77

75

91

90

90

688.5

1800

1239300

Mustard cake(Qt)

 

0

 

0

 

74

 

26

 

0

 

19.2

 

7.8

 

57

 

72

 

95

 

90

 

93

534

 

2250

 

1201500

Gud(Qt)

15.5

14

15.5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

45

4050

182250

Salt(Qt)

12.4

11.2

12.4

12

12.4

4.5

4.2

9.2

0

0

0

0

78.3

750

58725

Wheat straw(Qt)

 

372

 

268

 

0

 

0

 

108

 

180

 

372

 

372

 

360

 

372

 

360

 

372

 

3136

 

700

 

2195200

Cotton
cake(Qt)

 

0

 

0

 

54

 

45

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

99

 

3000

 

297000

Bajra(Qt)

108

56.5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

164.5

1550

254975

 

Rice straw(Qt)

 

0

 

140

 

514

 

498

 

514

 

332

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

0

 

1998

 

450

 

899100

Total cost of
feeds(Rs)

 

563575

 

480675

 

921415

 

606360

 

413000

 

425375

 

488450

 

813060

 

851700

 

1115300

 

1118250

 

915450

 

7956.1

 

 

8732610

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The feeding cost is highest at the dairy farm it accounts more than 75% of total variable cost. Second highest cost at the dairy farm was labour cost and then the other cost. The highest feeding cost at the gowshala (dairy farm) in the year 2016 was 10429490(Rs). And lowest in the year 2013 was 7479100. In 2012 the highest feeding cost in the month of March was and lowest in the month of August was 483002.5. In 2013 the highest feeding cost in the month of April was 780900 and lowest in the month of October was 266885. In 2014 the highest feeding cost in the month of January was 898200 and lowest in the month of February was 437999. In 2015 the highest feeding cost in the month of July was 885680 and lowest in the March was 535490. In 2016 the highest feeding cost in the month of March was 1193915 and lowest in the month of December was 706105. In the year 2017 the highest feeding cost in the month of November was 1118250 and lowest in the month of May was 413000.

REFERENCES

Jonathan, R., Winsten, Robert, L., Parson, & Gregory, D. Hanson (2000). A profitability Analysis of Dairy Feeding Systems in the Northeast. Agriculture and Resources Economics Review 29/2, 220-228.
Nahid, M., & Tawafic, F. (2012). An Economical assessment for the production profile of small dairy farms in Khartoum State. International Journal of Research in Management & Technology (IJRMT), 2(6).
Othman, A. (2013). Nutritional, ecological and economic evaluation of dairy farming systems and feeding strategies in semi-arid environments. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 05. 001.
Yoshiaki, H., Maharajan, K.L., & Kumagai, H. (2006). Feeding Traits, Nutritional Status and Milk Production of Dairy Cattle and buffalo in Small-scale Farms in Terai, Nepal. Asian-Aust. Journal of Animal Science, 19(2), 189-197.




Photo

Photo