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The purpose of this study was to assess the histopathological effects of deltamethrin and a plant-based bioactive extract from Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) on the normal kidneys of Albino rats. Deltamethrin, a Type II pyrethroid insecticide, is widely used for pest control. Thirty rats were divided into three groups (control and two experimental), with 10 rats in each group. Group A (control group) rats received a normal diet; group B rats were treated with Tulsi leaf extract (0.5ml), and group C rats were administered a 0.5 ml dosage of deltamethrin (30 mg/kg) per day for five days. No histopathological changes were observed after administration of Tulsi leaves extract in renal tissues of group B and group A rats. Group C rats showed significant nephrotoxic effects, including necrosis and inflammation of renal tubules, degeneration of renal corpuscles and proximal tubule epithelium. Tubular lumens were enlarged and debris-filled, with dilated renal veins and mild glomerular congestion. These findings suggest that Ocimum sanctum is non-toxic to renal tissue and may possess protective antioxidant properties, supporting its potential role in mitigating pesticide-induced renal damage. Deltamethrin causes renal oxidative stress via excessive ROS generation, while Ocimum sanctum exerts nephroprotective effects through its antioxidant properties.

Keywords: Synthetic insecticide, Deltamethrin, Tulsi leaf extract, Histopathological Alterations, Necrotic Agglomeration, Vacuolar Deterioration, Antioxidant Property.